When a bridge engineer encounters a design or analysis problem concerning a bridge substructure, that structure will commonly have a mixture of member types, some slender, and some squat. Slender members are generally governed by flexure, and normal beam theory should suffice for analysis and design. Squat members can often be handled by beam theory too, although nowadays designers have a choice and may opt to use strut-and-tie (SAT) models. When the structure possesses a mixture of beam (B-) regions and deep or disturbed (D-) regions the dilemma facing the structural engineer is: What method should one use for structural analysis and design? The issue becomes even more murky when a structure already exists, but shows signs of damage and deterioration from the effects of Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF), or other deterioration mechanisms. The engineer is faced with a second dilemma: How do deteriorated material properties get incorporated into the analysis?