Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad&nbsp;(IIT Palakkad or IIT PKD) is a public autonomous&nbsp;engineering&nbsp;and&nbsp;research&nbsp;institute located in&nbsp;Palakkad,&nbsp;Kerala. It was&nbsp;one of the five new&nbsp;IITs&nbsp;proposed in the&nbsp;2014 Union budget of India. The campus was inaugurated on 3 August 2015. The institute has 94 faculty, 978 students, and 63 non-teaching staffs.

IT Palakkad currently offers four-year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and two years MS programmes in 8 different engineering disciplines including&nbsp;Computer Science, Electrical, Mechanical, Civil among others.

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IIT Palakkad

Conventionally, only the normal cell membrane fluctuations have been studied and used to ascertain membrane properties like the bending rigidity. A new concept, the membrane local slope fluctuations was introduced recently (Vaippully et al 2020 Soft Matter 16 7606), which can be modelled as a gradient of the normal fluctuations. It has been found that the power spectral density (PSD) of slope fluctuations behave as (frequency)−1 while the normal fluctuations yields (frequency) − 5 / 3 even on the apical cell membrane in the high frequency region. In this manuscript, we explore a different situation where the cell is applied with the drug Latrunculin-B which inhibits actin polymerization and find the effect on membrane fluctuations. We find that even as the normal fluctuations show a power law (frequency) − 5 / 3 as is the case for a free membrane, the slope fluctuations PSD remains (frequency)−1, with exactly the same coefficient as the case when the drug was not applied. Moreover, while sometimes, when the normal fluctuations at high frequency yield a power law of (frequency) − 4 / 3 , the pitch PSD still yields (frequency)−1. Thus, this presents a convenient opportunity to study membrane parameters like bending rigidity as a function of time after application of the drug, while the membrane softens. We also investigate the active athermal fluctuations of the membrane appearing in the PSD at low frequencies and find active timescales of slower than 1 s. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

World University root node

Department of Physics

Physical Biology

Comparison of thermal and athermal dynamics of the cell membrane slope fluctuations in the presence and absence of Latrunculin-B

This paper describes a simulation-based study in MATLAB/Simulink to select an appropriate controller for the 3-PRRR (P – Prismatic, R – Revolute) Cartesian Parallel Manipulator (CPM) suitable for lower limb rehabilitation therapies. The dynamic performance of the CPM is incorporated into the simulation model through the derived inverse kinematic equations and assigning the dynamic parameters of the CPM through SimMechanics in MATLAB. This study compares the performance accuracy of the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller, Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Model Predictive Controller (MPC) to enable real-time tracking of the end effector. It is intended to implement the controller with the least error to the 3-PRRR hardware for superior tracking efficiency of the desired trajectory. Finally, the effectiveness of the 3-PRRR CPM for lower limb rehabilitation with the proposed motion controller is simulated and analyzed in Simulink. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanisms and Machine Science

Simulation-Based Comparative Study and Selection of Real-Time Controller for 3-PRRR Cartesian Parallel Manipulator

Aluminium matrix composites are being used in high power applications and electronic packaging, so the study of thermal behaviour of them becomes critical. In this work, the thermal conductivity of aluminium–silicon carbide composites with different volume fractions were estimated using finite element model designed by Digimat—a multi-scale material modelling software. The thermal conductivity estimated by FE model was compared with the experimental data given in the literature, and theoretical models are found to be in good agreement. This validation of the FE model ascertains its use in further analysis. It was also concluded that the volume fraction, size and shape of the reinforcement particles and interfacial thermal resistance play a major role in the resultant thermal conductivity of the composites. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Conductivity of Aluminium–Silicon Carbide Composites

The aim of this paper is to obtain the solution of the operator equation Tx= y for an infinite band matrix T using its finite-dimensional truncations Tnxn= yn. Several verifiable conditions are given to obtain the invertibility of T. An application in connection with a stable set of sampling for functions belonging to a shift-invariant space is discussed along with an illustration. © 2022, Tusi Mathematical Research Group (TMRG).

Department of Mathematics

Banach Journal of Mathematical Analysis

Solution of an infinite band matrix equation

The least squares and Green-Gauss gradient schemes have been traditionally studied as two distinct techniques for gradient computation on unstructured meshes in the literature. In this Letter, we show that the Green-Gauss gradient method can be interpreted as a weighted least squares gradient scheme and that methods of the Green-Gauss family may therefore be encompassed in the larger set of least squares-based gradient schemes. © 2023 Author(s).

Physics of Fluids

A least squares perspective of Green-Gauss gradient schemes

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterised by positive symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, as well as negative symptoms including anhedonia, asociality, avolition, and affective blunting. It may also be associated with cognitive deficits. Sleep disturbances are commonly encountered in schizophrenia, and there may be variations in sleep patterns among its different subtypes. These differences in sleep patterns could have prognostic implications for the various subtypes of schizophrenia. Effective management of sleep disturbances could contribute to the recovery and well-being of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.Aim: To compare the differences in sleep architecture between the various subtypes of schizophrenia and to compare them with socio-demographically matched healthy volunteers.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry-Centre of Excellence, Kolkata, West Bengal, India over a duration of one year (May 2016 to June 2017). The study included 60 medication-naive patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, and a control group of 30 demographically matched healthy volunteers. All study participants were aged between 18 and 60 years and free from any co-morbid illnesses. Patients with schizophrenia were further classified into four groups based on the ICD-10 subtypes: paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and undifferentiated. Overnight polysomnography was performed to assess sleep parameters, including total record time, total sleep time, sleep onset latency, Rapid Eye Movement (REM), sleep latency, sleep efficiency, durations of Total Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep, Total REM sleep, and the different phases of NREM sleep. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi-square, and t-test were used as applicable, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: The results showed a decrease in sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and shorter duration of mean N1, N2, and N3 sleep in schizophrenia patients compared to the control group. There was a significant difference in N3 sleep duration, reduced duration of total NREM and REM sleep, reduced REM latency, increased sleep onset latency, and the number of awakenings during sleep in schizophrenia patients. Statistically significant differences (p-values <0.05) were also noted in some sleep parameters among the various subtypes of schizophrenia. The paranoid subtype had the shortest REM latency, while the catatonic subtype had the longest. The hebephrenic subtype had the lowest percentage of REM sleep and sleep efficiency, while the catatonic subtype had the highest. The duration of Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) was lowest in the undifferentiated subtype and highest in the catatonic subtype.Conclusion: This study reveals significant differences in sleep patterns between patients with schizophrenia and the control group, as well as among the various subtypes of schizophrenia. These distinctions provide insight into the relationship between schizophrenia subtypes, sleep irregularities, and clinical consequences. Further investigation is necessary to explore differences in sleep architecture among the various subtypes of schizophrenia and yield clinically meaningful results.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Variations in Sleep Architecture among Different Subtypes of Schizophrenia: A Cross-sectional Study

Characterizing large noisy multiparty quantum states using genuine multipartite entanglement is a challenging task. In this paper, we calculate lower bounds of genuine multipartite entanglement localized over a chosen multiparty subsystem of multiqubit stabilizer states in the noiseless and noisy scenarios. In the absence of noise, adopting a graph-based technique, we perform the calculation for arbitrary graph states as representatives of the stabilizer states and show that the graph operations required for the calculation have a polynomial scaling with the system size. As demonstrations, we compute the localized genuine multipartite entanglement over subsystems of large graphs having linear, ladder, and square structures. We also extend the calculation for graph states subjected to single-qubit Markovian or non-Markovian Pauli noise on all qubits and demonstrate, for a specific lower bound of the localizable genuine multipartite entanglement corresponding to a specific Pauli measurement setup, the existence of a critical noise strength beyond which all of the postmeasured states are biseparable. The calculation is also useful for arbitrary large stabilizer states under noise due to the local unitary connection between stabilizer states and graph states. We demonstrate this by considering a toric code defined on a square lattice and computing a lower bound of localizable genuine multipartite entanglement over a nontrivial loop of the code. Similar to the graph states, we show the existence of the critical noise strength in this case also and discuss its interesting features.

PHYSICAL REVIEW A

Localizing genuine multipartite entanglement in noisy stabilizer states

The harmonic series diverges. But, Kempner {[}A curious convergent series, Amer. Math Monthly 21 (1914) 48-50] proved that by removing those terms from the harmonic series whose denominators contain a digit 9 anywhere, the resulting sub-series converges. Thus, Kempner allowed no 9's at all, but in this short note, we allow 9's with some restrictions and without tampering the convergence of the resultant series. Some results of our note generalize a recent note of Mukherjee and Sarkar.

ASIAN-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS

Some convergent subseries of the harmonic series

Reduction of a range of amido- and aryloxy-aluminum dihydride complexes, e.g. [AlH2(NR3){N(SiMe3)2}] (NR3=NMe3 or N-methylpiperidine (NMP)), with β-diketiminato dimagnesium(I) reagents, [{(ArNacnac)Mg}2] (ArNacnac=[HC(MeCNAr)2]−, Ar=mesityl (Mes) or 2,6-xylyl (Xyl)), have afforded deep red mixed valence aluminum hydride cluster compounds, [Al6H8(NR3)2{Mg(ArNacnac)}4], which have an average Al oxidation state of +0.66, the lowest for any well-defined aluminum hydride compound. In the solid-state, the clusters are shown to have distorted octahedral Al6 cores, having zero-valent Al axial sites and mono-valent AlH2− equatorial units. Several novel by-products were isolated from the reactions that gave the clusters, including the Mg−Al bonded magnesio-aluminate complexes, [(ArNacnac)(Me3N)Mg−Al(μ-H)3[{Mg(ArNacnac)}2(μ-H)]]. Computational analyses of one aluminum hydride cluster revealed its Al6 core to be electronically delocalized and to possess one unoccupied and six occupied, skeletal molecular orbitals. © 2023 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Department of Chemistry

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Magnesium(I) Reduction of Aluminum(III) Hydride Complexes: Generation of Mixed Valence Aluminum (AlI/Al0) Hydride Cluster Compounds, [Al6H8(NR3)2{Mg(β-diketiminate)}4]**

The current study aims in finding the utilization of Industrial waste such as copper and steel slags as a partial replacement material for sand in Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) in proportions of 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, 20\%, 30\%, and 40\% by weight. From the direct shear tests, it is observed that the angle of internal friction increases from 27.59 \& DEG; to 40.1 \& DEG; and 34.82 \& DEG; for copper and steel slags, respectively. The tests are done by installing the SCP in a soft clay in California Bearing Ratio mould and it is tested under soaked and unsoaked conditions. The optimum percentage found from the study for both the slag material is 30\%. Tests were also done by air-curing the composite soil within the mould for 7 days and water-curing the sample under soaked conditions for 4 days for the optimum replacement percentage.