Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad&nbsp;(IIT Palakkad or IIT PKD) is a public autonomous&nbsp;engineering&nbsp;and&nbsp;research&nbsp;institute located in&nbsp;Palakkad,&nbsp;Kerala. It was&nbsp;one of the five new&nbsp;IITs&nbsp;proposed in the&nbsp;2014 Union budget of India. The campus was inaugurated on 3 August 2015. The institute has 94 faculty, 978 students, and 63 non-teaching staffs.

IT Palakkad currently offers four-year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) and two years MS programmes in 8 different engineering disciplines including&nbsp;Computer Science, Electrical, Mechanical, Civil among others.

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IIT Palakkad

The dawn of the 20th century saw the formative years of developments in immunology. In particular, immunochemistry, specifically pertaining to antibodies, was extensively studied. These studies laid the foundations for employing antibodies in a variety of ways. Not surprisingly, antibodies have been used for applications ranging from biomedical research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics to evaluation of immune responses during natural infection and those elicited by vaccines. Despite recent advancements in cellular immunology and the excitement of T cell therapy, use of antibodies represents a large proportion of immunotherapeutic approaches as well as clinical interventions. Polyclonal antibodies in the form of plasma or sera continue to be used to treat a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. Historically, antisera to toxins have been the longest serving biotherapeutics. In addition, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have been extensively used to treat not only immunodeficiency conditions but also autoimmune disorders. Beyond the simplistic suppositions of their action, the IVIg have also unraveled the immune regulatory and homeostatic ramifications of their use. The advent of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), on the other hand, has provided a clear pathway for their development as drug molecules. MAbs have found a clear place in the treatment of cancers and extending lives and have been used in a variety of other conditions. In this review, we capture the important developments in the therapeutic applications of antibodies to alleviate disease, with a focus on some of the recent developments. © Copyright 2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2021.

World University root node

Biological Sciences and Engineering

Fulltext

Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy

Antibody Therapy: From Diphtheria to Cancer, COVID-19, and beyond

Climate hazard group infrared precipitation with station data (CHIRPS) is one of the latest high-resolution quasi-global satellite-based rainfall datasets. It is available in daily, pentadal and monthly time scale from the year 1981 to present. In the present study, the performance of the CHIRPS product is evaluated over the Kerala state on a monthly time scale. For the evaluation of this climate hazard group, product rain gauge data from sixty-seven-gauge stations which are distributed all over Kerala was used. Validation statistics such as mean absolute error (MAE), multiplicative bias (Mbias), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used for the evaluation. The results show that the efficiency of this satellite rainfall estimate is very high with an overall NSE value of 0.72. The accuracy of CHIRPS data was very high mainly in the low-lying areas of Kerala, i.e. at the coastal areas and it was found to be decreasing when in approaches towards the Western Ghats. Overall CHIRPS product is good enough for use in water resource applications in Kerala. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.

Department of Civil Engineering

Evaluation of chirps satellite rainfall datasets over kerala, india

Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective alternatives to earth-retaining structures which can accommodate more settlements than conventional retaining wall systems. Ideally, freely draining granular materials such as sand are used as the backfills. But, scarcity of ideal granular materials necessitated the researchers to explore other alternatives. A large quantity of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is being generated in India as well as in other parts of the world. In this study, the feasibility of using CDW as a backfill for geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls has been attempted. The geotechnical properties of CDW were determined in order to ascertain whether their properties comply with existing specifications. It was observed that the geotechnical properties of CDW meet the requirements of an ideal backfill material for MSE walls mandated by various standards. Further, the numerical studies were conducted to study the deformation behavior of reinforced soil wall with CDW backfill immediately after construction. The assumptions made in the conventional design regarding the failure mechanism were also investigated. The paper highlights the potential use of processed CDW as a sustainable backfill material for reinforced walls. © 2020, Indian Geotechnical Society.

Indian Geotechnical Journal

Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Walls with Sustainable Backfills

In the present study, performance of geosynthetic reinforced MSE walls backfilled with locally available marginal lateritic soil at the onset of rainfall infiltration was investigated. Two different types of geosynthetics reinforcements were used. One was a conventional type of geogrids usually used in MSE walls, and the other was composite geogrids. Seepage analysis, stability analysis and strength and deformation analysis were carried out on MSE walls with rainfall simulated for a duration of 3 days. In case of geogrid reinforced soil wall (GR-W), the suction within the backfill was lost completely at the end of 2.176 days of rainfall, whereas suction was maintained even at the end of 3 days of rainfall in walls reinforced with composite geogrids (CGR-W). From the stability analysis, it was observed that the factor of safety of GR-W decreased at the onset of rainfall infiltration with time and reached less than the desirable value of less than 1.5 in 2.125 days of rainfall. The factor of safety of CGR-W was maintained at 1.88 throughout the period of rainfall. The facing deformation in GR-W was found to increase, with a maximum of 3.2 times increase at the end of three days of rainfall. Similarly, there was an increase in maximum tensile load mobilized in the reinforcements in GR-W, whereas in the case of CGR-W, the influence of rainfall was negligible. From the present study, it can be concluded that the presence of composite geogrids improves the overall performance of MSE walls backfilled with marginal lateritic backfills. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG part of Springer Nature.

International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering

Performance of Geosynthetic Reinforced MSE Walls with Marginal Backfills at the Onset of Rainfall Infiltration

In this article, we prove the proximinality of closed unit ball of M-ideals of compact operators on Banach spaces. We show that every positive (self-adjoint) operator on a Hilbert space has a positive (self-adjoint) compact approximant from the closed unit ball of space of compact operators. We also show that K(L1), the space of compact operators on L1, is ball proximinal in B(L1), the space of bounded operators on L1, even though K(L1) is not an M-ideal in B(L1). Moreover, we prove the ball proximinality of M-embedded spaces in their biduals. © 2021 American Mathematical Society. All rights reserved.

Department of Mathematics

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society

Ball proximinality of m-ideals of compact operators

Transactions of the American Mathematical Society

The Lie bracket of undirected curves on a surface

In order to understand the behaviour of a square matrix or a bounded linear operator on a Banach space or more generally an element of a Banach algebra, some subsets of the complex plane are associated with such an object. Most popular among these sets is the spectrum σ(a) of an element a in a complex unital Banach algebra A with unit 1 defined as follows: σ(a):={λ∈C:λ-aisnotinvertibleinA}.Here and also in what follows, we identify λ. 1 with λ. Also quite popular is Numerical range V(a) of a. This is defined as follows: V(a):={ϕ(a):ϕisacontinuouslinearfunctionalonAsatisfying‖ϕ‖=1=ϕ(1)}.Then there are many generalizations, modifications, approximations etc. of the spectrum. Let ϵ&gt; 0 and n a nonnegative integer. These include ϵ- condition spectrum σϵ(a) , ϵ- pseudospectrum Λ ϵ(a) and (n, ϵ) - pseudospectrum Λ n,ϵ(a). These are defined as follows: σϵ(a):={λ∈C:‖λ-a‖‖(λ-a)-1‖≥1ϵ}In this and the following definitions we follow the convention : ‖ (λ- a) - 1‖ = ∞ if λ- a is not invertible. Λϵ(a):={λ∈C:‖(λ-a)-1‖≥1ϵ}Λn,ϵ(a):={λ∈C:‖(λ-a)-2n‖1/2n≥1ϵ}. In this survey article, we shall review some basic properties of these sets, relations among these sets and also discuss the effects of perturbations on these sets and the question of determining the properties of the element a from the knowledge of these sets. © 2019, Forum D'Analystes, Chennai.

Journal of Analysis

Spectrum and related sets: a survey

The effective applications of Casson fluid in drilling processes, biological treatments, food processing and bio-engineering activities have caught the interest of a wide range of researchers. The suitable knowledge of heat transfer via non-Newtonian fluid is essential for the achievement of best quality products in industry. Thus, the three-dimensional Casson nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with Arrhenius activation energy and exponential heat source effects is investigated in this paper using a computational process based on iterative power series (IPS) method. To provide useful insights into the physical and dynamic examinations of this topic, convective heat and convective mass boundary conditions are used. The developed model of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) has been transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. The numerical solution of the transformed ODEs is obtained by employing the IPS technique combined with shooting iteration approach. The results of this study are validated with the previous studies and excellent agreements have been obtained. The behavior of various capable physical parameters is analyzed. It is observed that the thermal and concentration fields show an enhancement with respect to the exponential heat source parameter and thermal and concentration Biot numbers. Further, the Arrhenius activation energy parameter has shown a significant effect on the concentration field.

Complexity

Computational Study on Three-Dimensional Convective Casson Nanofluid Flow past a Stretching Sheet with Arrhenius Activation Energy and Exponential Heat Source Effects

This work presents a methodology to address the problems of bubbles and drops evolving in incompressible, viscous flows due to the effect of surface tension. It is based on the combination of a recently developed immersed interface method to resolve discontinuities, with the level set (LS) method to reproduce the evolving interfaces. The paramount feature of this immersed interface method is the use of Lagrange interpolation enclosing grid points positioned in the vicinity of the interface and few exceptional grid points positioned on the interface. Different problems are considered to assert the accurateness of the proposed methodology, involving both simple and complex interface geometries. Precisely, the following problems are addressed: circular flow with a fixed interface, the dispersion of capillary waves, initially circular, ellipse, star shaped bubbles oscillating to an equilibrium state and circular drops deforming in shear flows. The transient evolution of bubbles/drops in terms of their shapes, pressure profiles, velocity vectors, deformation ratios of major and minor axis is analyzed to observe the effect of surface tension. The proposed methodology is seen to recover the exact numerical equilibrium between the surface tension and pressure gradient in the vicinity of complex interface geometries as well, while recreating the flow physics with an adequate level of accuracy with well representation of overall trends. Moreover, the numerical results yield a good level of agreement with the reference data. Keywords immersed interface level set (LS) surface tension multiphase Navier-Stokes equations shear flows HOC

Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow

A coupled immersed interface and level set method for simulation of interfacial flows steered by surface tension

The current study analyses the effect of root zone soil moisture in the calibration and validation of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. A multi-algorithm, genetically adaptive multi-objective method (AMALGAM) is used for the calibration of the model. The multi-variable calibration considering both streamflow and soil moisture is compared with a single-variable calibration considering streamflow and then analysed the effectiveness of root zone soil moisture in the calibration of SWAT. The results of the analysis show that the root zone soil moisture significantly influences the simulation of evapotranspiration component in SWAT. The SOL_AWC and SOL_K are found to be the key parameters for the simulation of hydrological fluxes in SWAT. The multi-variable calibration at the watershed outlet ensures a better process representation and spatial prediction in SWAT compared to the single-variable calibration approach. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.